Chromium Induced Toxicity Research

Chromium Induced Toxicity Research Unique In the current examination, we speculate that cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure assume a key job in chromium incited harmfulness in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines when uncovered for 24 h. Intense poisonousness tests were led on three fish species to be specific L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla by presenting them to various focus (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) of chromium for 96 h under static conditions and the LC50 was determined. The rate cell endurance was surveyed by various endpoints, for example, MTT, NR, AB and CB measures were acted in seven fish cell lines presented to various convergences of chromium and EC50 estimations of all the four endpoints was determined. Straight connections between's each in vitro cytotoxicity examine and the in vivo mortality information were profoundly huge. Infinitesimal assessment of cell morphology showed cell shrinkage, cell separation, vacuolations and cell expanding at most elevated convergence of chromium (50mg/L). The DNA harm and atomic discontinuity were evaluated by comet measure and Hoechst recoloring, in seven fish lines presented to various groupings of chromium. The consequence of cancer prevention agent boundary acquired show fundamentally diminished catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GSH) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and expanded degree of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the cell lines after presentation to expanding chromium in a focus subordinate way. This outcomes demonstrates that fish cell lines could be utilized as an option in contrast to entire fish utilizing cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure evaluation after introduction to chromium. Watchwords: Fish cell lines, Chromium, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Oxidative pressure 1. Presentation Overwhelming metal contamination of water is a genuine ecological issue confronting the cutting edge world. At worldwide level substantial metals contamination is expanding in nature because of increment in number of ventures (Chidambaram et al. 2009). Mechanical effluents are released into the sewage waterways, streams and water system water, causing significant contamination and wellbeing risks (Baddesha and Rao 1986). Numerous mechanical wastewaters contain overwhelming metals like cadmium, lead, zinc, cobalt and chromium. The harmful overwhelming metals are for the most part ingested and get aggregated in different plant parts as free metals which may unfavorably influence the plant development and digestion (Barman and Lal 1994). Individuals and dairy cattle are seriously influenced when these metals are fused into natural pecking order as it causes bronchitis and malignant growth (Khasim et al. 1989; McGrath and Smith 1990; Nath et al. 2005). Among overwhelming metals, chromium assumes a significant job in dirtying our amphibian condition framework. In nature chromium happens predominately in two valances Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] prevails over the Cr (III) structure in characteristic waters. Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] particulates enter the oceanic medium through effluents released from calfskin tanning, materials, chrome electroplating, metal completing the process of, coloring and printing ventures and a few different enterprises. The Cr (VI) enters natural films effectively and causes cell harm by oxidative pressure (Irwin et al. 1997; Begum et al. 2006), its unselective presentation may present genuine impact on sea-going networks including fish. Poisonous impacts of Cr(VI) on enzymological/biochemical (Al-Akel and Shamsi 1996; Vutukuru et al. 2007; Oner et al. 2008), hematological (Gautam and Gupta 1989; Al-Akel and Shamsi 1996), immunological (Prabakaran et al. 2007) boundaries, endocrine poisonousness (Mishra and Mohanty 2009) and genotoxicity (Chen et al. 2011) have been accounted for in numerous teleosts angles. In natural hazard appraisal, a significant part of the poisonousness test on fish has included the utilization of lethality as the endpoint. Then again, in vivo bioassay is costly and requires immense amount of toxicant. The introduction time is just 24 h as restricted 96 h in bioassay, which could diminish the expense of work, lab offices and test time however more critically permit choices to be made all the more quickly. By and by, harmfulness testing with fish is a fundamental piece of natural hazard evaluation methods (Castano et al. 2003). For every one of these contemplations, the turn of events and utilization of in vitro tests that could gauge beginning times of harmfulness in vertebrates speak to a methodology that could be exceptionally helpful to observing natural hazard evaluation (Walker 1999). In the course of the most recent four decades, cell and tissue culture strategies have been refined and have now become a basic apparatus in natural exploration. There are a grea t deal of moral, logical and conservative reasons that help the improvement of in vitro strategies for use in ecotoxicology (Castano and Gomez-Lechon 2005; Bols et al. 2005; Schirmer, 2006; Fent 2007; Taju et al. 2012, 2013, 2014). The utilization of fish cell lines in ecological toxicology has been looked into and decidedly surveyed for the most part with respect to cytotoxicity (Babich and Borenfreund 1991; Castano et al. 2003; Fent 2001). Cytotoxicity appraisals can be promptly utilized to look at various endpoints, including estimations of cell demise (apoptosis), cell practicality, cell morphology, cell digestion, cell connection/separation, cell film porousness, expansion, development energy, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure (Maracine and Segner 1998; Li and Zhang 2002; Shuilleabhain et al. 2004; Taju et al. 2014). In the current examination, three fish species from three distinctive amphibian conditions, Lates calcarifer (Marine), Etroplus suratensis (Brackishwater) and catla (freshwater) were chosen as agents of their particular surroundings to read their appropriateness for intense harmfulness test to assess the likely danger of chromium (Cr). They are astounding food angles with a decent market request in India, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Pakistan. A few endeavors were made to concentrate in vivo intense poisonousness in Sea bass, Etroplus and Catla utilizing different toxicants (Chezhian et al. 2010; Azmat and Javed 2011, 2012; Bhat et al. 2012; Taju et al. 2012, 2013). The seven fish cell lines to be specific SISK and SISS cell lines got from L. calcarifer (Sahul Hameed et al. 2006; Parameshwaran et al. 2006b), SICH and ICG cell lines got from C. catla (Ishaq Ahmed et al. 2009b; Taju et al. 2014), and IEE, IEK and IEG cell lines got from E. suratensis (Sarath Babu et al. 2012) were utilized as in vitro measures to assess the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure presented to chromium. The aftereffects of in vitro cytotoxicity were contrasted and the consequences of in vivo intense poisonousness test utilizing fish. The utilization of these cell lines for harmfulness evaluation of chromium as opposed to living fish is suggested. 2. Material and strategies 2.1. Synthetic concoctions and reagents Tissue culture media and synthetic concoctions were gotten from GIBCO (Invitrogen Corporation, USA). Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), EDTA, Trichloroacetic corrosive, DTNB [5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)], Thiobarbituric corrosive, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), Riboflavin, Hydroxylamine-HCl, Triton X-100, Ethidium bromide, Methanol, Acetic corrosive, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide and Coomassie Blue was bought from SRL synthetics, India. 2.2. Assortment of exploratory creatures Lates calcarifer and Etroplus suratensis were gathered from Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA), Chennai. Catla was gathered from a nearby lake in Walajapet, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The exploratory fishes were 2 3 g in body weight. Examples were moved live in oxygen packs or basins to the research center, acclimatized and kept up for 20-30 days in a saltiness scope of 5-10 ppt for E. suratensis, 20-25 ppt for L. calcarifer and in freshwater on account of C. catla (23-28oC) under a surrounding photoperiod in the research facility for 10 days before tests. The fish were taken care of with business pellet feed two times every day and starved for 24 h previously and during the examinations. 2.3. In vivo fish intense harmfulness test Fish intense harmfulness tests were directed by uncovering E. suratensis, L. calcarifer and C. catla (N = 10 for each aquarium) for 96 h to chromium under static conditions (OECD 203, 1992). Five distinct fixations chromium i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L weakened with seawater (5 ppt) and freshwater while control with ocean water and freshwater alone were tried to decide the LC50 (focus at which half of the fish populace bites the dust). The aquaria had a working volume of 30 lit dependent on the body weight of fishes (1 g fish/L). Dead fishes were checked and expelled quickly consistently. All the examinations were directed in triplicates. Mortalities were recorded after the rule for fish intense harmfulness OECD 203 (1992). 2.4. Fish Cell lines An aggregate of seven cell lines built up from various organs of L. calcarifer (SISS-seabass spleen, SISK-kidney), E. suratensis (IEE Etroplus eye, IEG gill, IEK kidney) and C. catla (SICH Catla heart, ICG gill) were tried for their sensitivities to chromium. These fish cell lines were spread at 28oC in Leibovitzs L-15 medium (pH 7.0 - 7.4) with 2mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal ox-like serum (FBS), penicillin 100 IU/ml and streptomycin 100 Ââ µg/ml. The osmolarity ran from 300 to 360 mOsm kg-1. These cells were sub-refined each 2-3 days utilizing standard methodology. Cells at exponential development stage were collected and utilized for in vitro cytotoxicity tests. 2.5. In vitro cytotoxicity test utilizing fish-determined cell lines SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells at exponential development stage were gathered and weakened to a convergence of 105 cells/ml in Leibovitzs L-15 medium with 10% FBS. After tumult, the cells were added to each well of 96-well tissue culture plates at the centralization of 2 x 104/well and brooded for the time being at 28oC. After brooding, the medium was expelled and the cells were re-taken care of with medium c

What is succession planning?

Progression arranging can be viewed as a company’s visa to guaranteeing its manageability and business congruity. Associations, large or little, have their able and persevering individuals as their spine. Without them, their prosperity won't be conceivable regardless of whether they put in a great deal of interest in high innovation and propelled apparatuses. It’s a certain something, however, to have a pool of qualified and high-potential ability; it’s something else to guarantee that they are in the correct situations to augment their gifts and continue their inspiration. The issue comes in when a representative who is as of now possessing a basic capacity gets incapable to play out their obligations for reasons unknown. The organization should then have the option to recognize a key ability from inside the association who can top off the void, and this is the place progression arranging becomes possibly the most important factor. Progression arranging is an activity that organizations do to discover that they have solid, experienced and proficient ranking directors who can fill in as coaches to promising junior officials who can (and will one day) take on progressively basic jobs and ideally lead the organization to more noteworthy achievement. Progression arranging is tied in with ensuring that there is a certified and able chief who can accept more prominent obligations as the need emerges and at some random time. Like in any games group, the mentor depends on a profound seat of â€Å"second team† individuals to supplant a â€Å"starter† player when fundamental. Furthermore, progression arranging is secured on the company’s vital objectives. For example, if the organization chooses to grow its business past its present assistance zone, top administration needs to distinguish qualified abilities who can possess new posts because of another arrangement shut or supplant ranking directors in the parent organization who will be approved to the auxiliary. This implies top administration should continually be keeping watch for potential changes inside the association and rapidly recognize the labor ramifications of these turns of events. Associations that have effectively regulated progression arranging in their association have coordinated it into their everyday business tasks. Progression arranging is a nonstop action and not only an intermittent thing. Key Elements of Succession Planning The initial step to a fruitful progression arranging is having a complete and compelling ability mapping and evaluation framework. Here, the organization needs to characterize the abilities set and skills required for a specific position and/or work so as to assess if every one of its representatives are put in the position that is generally appropriate for them. Also, the organization ought to have the option to distinguish and give advancement openings and development regions for each key representative. Moreover, the organization ought to order a representative as a high-potential ability, normal entertainer or one that is problematic and unmotivated. This is to ensure that the organization apportions additional time and assets to build up the ideal individuals for the activity. This implies a high-potential ability will be given all the more preparing and advancement programs and will be presented to more development open doors contrasted and a normal entertainer. Another key component in progression arranging is to guarantee that there is a customary presentation assessment framework set up particularly for key and rising gifts in the association. For most organizations, this is done yearly; for some semi-every year or even quarterly. Whatever the case is, the organization should set clear, quantifiable, quantifiable and practical focuses against which a representative will be assessed. Through this, top administration will have the option to see who among their representatives are performing admirably against their expectations. On the off chance that there is a nonperforming representative, the organization should discover the fundamental reason for this since it may be an instance of crisscross between the employee’s abilities set and the job that the person is being approached to perform. The organization at that point ought to rush to correct this issue by moving that worker to a progressively fitting situation for him and locate an increasingly appropriate ability who can assume their position. Organizations ought to likewise set up a coaching instrument and urge their ranking directors to consistently have an understudy who they think can expect their jobs later on. This understudy or student will shadow the ranking director and help the person in question perform basic undertakings to build up the required initiative and the executives abilities. Besides, organizations should encourage a workplace where there is stream of data from higher ranking than junior administrators and the other way around. Ability maintenance is likewise a significant component in progression arranging. Organizations ought to put resources into making their workers cheerful and fulfilled by giving money related (e. g. prizes and motivating forces) and non-money related â€Å"gifts† (e. g. representative acknowledgment programs, great human services plan, preparing and advancement projects, protected and sound workplace, and so on ). This, at that point, permits more opportunity for prepared chiefs to move their insight and offer their experience to their more youthful partners with the goal that when the opportunity arrives, junior officials can step capable. Advantages of Effective Succession Planning A viable progression arranging can achieve benefits both to the organization and the workers. Initially, the organization can be guaranteed of a steady business moored on a solid senior supervisory crew and a similarly dependable pool of second stringers made out of prepared and prepped junior workers. This, thus, will make financial specialists and investors progressively certain about the fate of the organization, which ideally prompts expanded investor esteem. With respect to the clients, they will likewise be guaranteed that their specialist co-op is in acceptable hands and will have the option to take into account their drawn out necessities. In addition, great progression arranging will spare the organization time and cash in remotely sourcing the ability who can best fill in the empty position. Outside gifts, regardless of how splendid they are, need abundant time to comprehend the business and mix with the association. In a similar way, representatives will profit by a powerful progression arranging framework as this will meet their profession improvement necessities and make their current and future jobs more clear. High-potential representatives will likewise welcome the company’s considering them and furnishing them with increasingly top-level preparing and advancement programs. They will most likely feel that they are offered significance to by the organization. At long last, progression arranging gives representatives a feeling of security, realizing that they have a drawn out vocation way with the organization. This, thusly, will make the workers increasingly spurred, hopeful and forward-looking.

My Second Fifth Week

My Second… Fifth Week Okay, so its been inexcusably long since I last wrote here. This is probably a good indicator of how busy one can get at MIT if he or she tries. :-) Physics is a continual thorn in my side, but everything else seems to be going well. The weather has been great the past couple days, Ive been meeting with various faculty to shape the perfect path for the future, Ive been working on some projects on the side Ultimately, though, what Im here to do is tell you about life at MIT. Selections all over and the fate of the MIT Class of 2010 is (more or less) set in stone. Youre eagerly awaiting your decisions now, for the first time ever, *online* and Im here thinking about how awesome CPWs going to be next month. I cant wait to meet you all, really! French class is a lot of fun, and were investigating some interesting topics in my intercultural communication course. In the next couple of weeks, Ill write a five-page paper on the different communication cultures of men and women, with preparatory reading of You Just Dont Understand by Deborah Tannen. It sounds more like a marriage counseling book than like something youd come across at MIT, but I suppose most anything can be defined as a culture. Indeed, we spend the first class day doing just that. :) Ive kept a strong outlook of what lies ahead, especially as the second semester wears on. I continue to lean toward a major in management science, with a keen focus on transportation systems through a concentration in operations research, and minors in Applied International Studies, and in something within the urban studies/planning program. And for later, Im looking at the MS in transportation offered by the civil engineering department. After a long week of homework and meetings, I took today off and went for a walk around downtown Boston. I hadnt talked to my Dad in about a week, and so just as I was holding an ice cream cup near the theater district, he called. I had to balance the cup on a concrete post for a few minutes before I could explain that it would be a lot better if I could call back later. :-P Okay, thats that. If I had something truly interesting to write, Id be writing it, but sometimes classes just hum along, the days substance providing for little reflection. How are you guys spending these pre-Spring Break days, and furthermore, what are you doing for Spring Break?

Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay example

Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave presents a vision of humans as slaves chained in front of a fire observing the shadows of things on the cave wall in front of them. The shadows are the only reality the slaves know. Plato argues that there is a basic flaw in how we humans mistake our limited perceptions as reality, truth and goodness. The allegory reveals how that flaw affects our education, our spirituality and our politics. The flaw that Plato speaks about is trusting as real, what one sees - believing absolutely that what one sees is true. In The Allegory of the Cave, the slaves in the caves know that the shadows, thrown on the wall by the fire behind them, are real. If they were to†¦show more content†¦The people must teach the others of the reality outside of the cave, outside of the slaves reality. These are the philosophers. The capacity to learn exists in the soul. Humans need to use their whole soul to learn, not just use their eyes. Plato writes, the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already; and that just as the eye was unable to turn from the darkness to light without the whole body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being. (Jacobus 320). According to Plato, human beings misperception about reality also affects ones spiritual growth. When the slave makes the ascent and sees the sun, he might mistake it for God. Plato writes, He will then argue that this [the sun] is he, the guardian of...the visible world...the cause of all things (Jacobus 318). Having moved from darkness into light, the slave comes to the conclusion that this bright light must be God. Plato argues that one?s soul holds knowledge of what is true. When one learns, one simply remembers. People originate from Heaven where they knew the truth. In the Bible it states, Though outwardly we are wasting away, yet inwardly we are being renewed day by day (Corinthians II, 4:16). One is renewed day by day by remembering things that their soul knows, but that they have forgotten. Plato discreditsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave864 Words   |  4 PagesOn the surface of Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† it is just a simple piece, but the main purpose of the piece is to explain people living in a world of face value and having individuals break free from the main idea to create a new sense of what the world is truly about. In here, Plato uses the writing style of allegory to encompass the use of imagery and symbolism to explain his purpose. He also uses very clever dialogue with constant repetition to represent a bigger idea about the philosophy withRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary973 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary The Allegory of the Cave by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect reflections of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. In his story, Plato establishes a cave in which prisoners are chained down and forced to look upon the front wall of the caveRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary987 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary The Allegory of the Cave by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect reflections of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. In his story, Plato establishes a cave in which prisoners are chained down and forced to look upon the front wall of the caveRead MoreAnalysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave1532 Words   |  7 PagesIn the allegory written by Plato titled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Plato discusses the concept of seeking knowledge and gaining wisdom. He uses a story of prisoners trapped into a cave to represent the confines of reality that humans are put into, and a lone prisoner exiting the cave to represent a philosopher seeking a greater understanding. Plato’s writing tells of the flaw that all humans share, which is the fact that we believe our perceptions to be the abs olute, incontestable truth. It is thisRead MoreAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave948 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave is also termed as the Analogy of the Cave, Platos Cave, or the Parable of the Cave. It was used by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic to illustrate our nature in its education and want of education. It comprises of a fictional dialogue between Platos teacher Socrates and Platos brother Glaucon. Socrates gives a description of a group of people who spent their lifetime facing a blank wall chained to the wall of a caveRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Platos the Allegory of the Cave2111 Words   |  9 PagesEden Scharer Darrin Broadway English III-4 5th December, 2010 From Darkness to Sunlight: An Analysis of the Allegory of the Cave Imagine yourself sitting inside a dark, damp, cave where the only thing you can see are moving shadows on the cave wall in front of you. You can’t move anywhere or see anything besides the shadows, and these are the only things you’ve seen for your entire life, so these moving dark images are the most real things you’ve ever known. At some point in our childhood weRead MorePlatos The Republic: Analysis of the Chapter Entitled Allegory of the Cave588 Words   |  3 PagesThe Republic comes a chapter entitled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†.(â€Å"Plato†) Plato’s Allegory of the Cave describes ignorance and the process of enlightenment. The cave symbolizes a prison for the mind. Cave dwellers only know of the one reality presented in the cave, yet it is not reality at all. The cave dwellers are ignorant, knowing only one way and not trying to broaden their minds. Plato uses chains and shackles to represent the mental bondage of the cave dwellers. In spite of the bondage, fewRead MoreAn Analysis of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and the Importance of Light in Discovering Truth1139 Words   |  5 Pagestranscends the exclusivity of the contemplative and the active lives. He defines the ultimate truth as â€Å"aletheia†, which literally translates to mean â€Å"unhidden† or â€Å"that which does not remain unnoticed†. Through his use of the term and his allegory of the cave, Plato makes the strong implication that philosophers must actively seek to discover the absolute truth, rather than relying on t raditional methods of contemplation and the persuasive tone of rhetoric to prove its existence. To better explainRead More Dantes Inferno Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages Dantes use of allegory in the Inferno greatly varies from Platos quot;Allegory of the Cavequot; in purpose, symbolism, characters and mentors, and in attitude toward the world. An analysis of each of these elements in both allegories will provide an interesting comparison. Dante uses allegory to relate the sinners punishment to his sin, while Plato uses allegory to discuss ignorance and knowledge. Dantes Inferno describes the descent through Hell from the upper level of the opportunists toRead MoreSynthesis of Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave1440 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis of The Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave When The Truman Show was released in 1998, it was just another popular Hollywood flick, but its story is closely related to Platos Allegory of the Cave. The plot line for the movie follows this classic tale in many ways, some more obvious then others. As with most cinematic treachery, the movies similarities are no coincidence. The writers drew from Platos classic because it is such a universal story and is something

History of the Artificial Heart

The first artificial heart for humans was invented and patented in the 1950s, but it wasnt until 1982 that a working artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, was successfully implanted in a human patient.   Early Milestones As with many medical innovations, the first artificial heart was implanted in an animal -- in this case, a dog. Soviet scientist Vladimir Demikhov, a pioneer in the field of organ transplantation, implanted an artificial heart into a dog in 1937. (It wasnt Demikhovs most famous work, however — today he is mostly remembered for performing head transplants on dogs.) Interestingly, the first patented artificial heart was invented by American Paul Winchell, whose primary occupation was as a ventriloquist and comedian. Winchell also had some medical training and was assisted in his endeavor by Henry Heimlich, who is remembered for the emergency choking treatment that bears his name. His creation was never actually put into use. The Liotta-Cooley artificial heart was implanted into a patient in 1969 as a stopgap measure; it was replaced with a donors heart a few days later, but the patient died soon thereafter.   The Jarvik 7   The Jarvik-7 heart was developed by American scientist Robert Jarvik and his mentor, Willem Kolff.   In 1982, Seattle dentist Dr. Barney Clark was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, the first artificial heart intended to last a lifetime. William DeVries, an American cardiothoracic surgeon, performed the surgery. The patient survived 112 days. It has been hard, but the heart itself has pumped right along, Clark said in the months following his history-making surgery. Subsequent iterations of the artificial heart have seen further success; the second patient to receive the Jarvik-7, for instance, lived for 620 days after implantation. People want a normal life, and just being alive is not good enough, Jarvik has said.   Despite these advances, less than two thousand artificial hearts have been implanted, and the procedure is generally used as a bridge until a donor heart can be secured. Today, the most common artificial heart is the SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart, accounting for 96% of all artificial heart transplants. And it doesnt come cheap, with a price tag of around $125,000.

Claudiuss Corruption In The Royal Shakespeare - 1638 Words

Claudius’s fascist use of power to force Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and even the halls of Elsinore to do his bidding is not without its consequences; time and time again, the familial bonds and those of friendship are shattered as a result of his corruption, just as countless mirrors in the Royal Shakespeare Company’s adaptation of the story are. For instance, the incompetent Polonius is struck down at the line: â€Å"How now, a rat? Dead for a ducat, dead,† (3.4.24). In the original text, he is shanked with a blade through a curtain; however, in the film at question, he is shot through a closet door covered in a mirror. As a result, the mirror fractures. The fracturing of the mirror is not merely a literal occurrence, but a change†¦show more content†¦The broken glass then appears again when the Queen learns of Ophelia’s insanity: â€Å"Her speech is nothing,/ Yet the unshaped use of it doth move/ The hearers to collection†¦Ã¢â ‚¬  (4.5.7-9). Getrude stairs at herself in the shattered pane as she hears this disheartening description of young Ophelia drifting from reality only enough for the hearer to still be able to try to piece together some broken semblance of an anguished thought. Ophelia even steps into the view of the audience by way of standing within the reflection of the cracked mirror, reflecting her own shattered state, but not before Gertrude thinks on the tragedy surrounding the members of the court: â€Å"To my sick soul, as sin’s true nature is,/ Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss,† (4.5.17-18). Looking into what once was a reflection of a whole person, Gertrude is able to see that the now distorted reflection of her own countenance is more accurate than a whole mirror could ever portray, since her family and herself have been shattered. Finally, as Hamlet and Horatio discuss the news of the old school mate s death, Horatio implores, â€Å"Why, what a king is this!â €  (5.2.63). This counsel is held, once again, in front of a shattered mirror. Hamlet and Horatio both see the work of the King as a parody of what should be, and know that the root of all of this corruption is the heinous lord of Elsinore. Claudius’s treachery isShow MoreRelatedHamlet Character Analysis Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthrone for as long as he does becomes significantly more vivid and understandable for an audience when seen as it was intended, on stage, especially when a seasoned organization such as the Royal Shakespeare Company is given control of the production. The 2009 cinematic adaptation of Hamlet by the Royal Shakespeare Company perfectly portrays the deceit and damage spread by a psychotic man who shattered a kingdom just as a projectile hits a glass pane, causing the creeping branches of madness to spreadRead MoreCorruption of Society in George Orwell’s 1984 and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet806 Words   |  4 Pages The corruption of society in George Orwell’s 1984 and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet results both in the loss of innocence and the destruction of sanity. Winston from 1984 stood his grounds throughout the book, but the society standards and rules created by Big Brother soon consume him. Similarly, the entire Kingdom of Denmark bombarded Hamlet with betrayal amongst his own family and loved ones such that drove him into madness. This madness spread through both books in revenge of what the corruptedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay3604 Words   |  15 Pagesforty years and was then in her late sixties. The prospect of Elizabeth’s death and the question of who would succeed her was a subject of grave anxiety at the time, since Elizabeth had no children, and the only person with a legitimate royal claim, James of Scotland, was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and therefore represented a political faction to which Elizabeth was opposed. (When Elizabeth died in 1603, James did inherit the throne, becoming King James I.) It isRead MoreHamlet and Claudius’ Power Struggle Essay1852 Words   |  8 Pagesof the play the power struggle that had been between Hamlet and Claudius comes to a conclusion as Gertrude, Laertes, Claudius and Hamlet die. Throughout the play Laertes, Horatio and Gertrude choose a side to be on, either between Hamlet’s and Claudius’s who both are trying to obtain the utmost power. Claudius is seen in Hamlets eyes as a horrible person because he convicted murder and incest. Claudius had killed the king of Denmark, Old Hamlet, to obtain the position of the throne. He had beenRead More The Character of Claudius in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2062 Words   |  9 PagesThe Character of Claudius in Hamlet      Ã‚      Shakespeare presents Claudius as a character with many faces yet the audience can clearly understand his motives and ambition throughout the play. His character does however change and we clearly see how his evilness and weakness increases as his need to escape discovery and his clandestine nature in doing so, is revealed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      It is in Act one scene two that we are first introduced to the character of Claudius. The impression madeRead MoreNature Of Society In Shakespeares Hamlet1359 Words   |  6 Pagesable to recognise an uncomfortable and powerful truth, simply living is not being. The play Hamlet was written between 1599-1602 by world renowned poet ‘William Shakespeare.’ Being, as Hamlet frames it, requires doing; yet, the power of thought is the very capacity that makes us human, restrains action. Throughout this play, Shakespeare showcases the nature of society in the Elizabethan era by utilising ideas such as revenge and death. Hamlet is often called an Elizabethan revenge play.† We seeRead MoreLaertes And Fortinbras In Hamlet Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pagesas people: Fortinbras and Laertes are villains, Hamlet is the anti-hero while Fortinbras is the hero of Elsinore thus making Fortinbras the ultimate foil for Hamlet. To begin with, Hamlet and Laertes are both brought up in a similar fashion in the royal court, but they find themselves in a situation where they have to avenge their features and they each approach it in a different way. It’s mentioned in act one that Laertes is studying in France (1.2.51) while Hamlet is studying in Wittenberg (1.2Read MoreThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time when theRead MoreThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time whenRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Ghost 2757 Words   |  12 Pagesthe rank sweat of an enseamed bed,/ Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love/ Over nasty sty.’). Even though Hamlet’s accusations are categorical and sharp, his charges are essentially unfounded fabrications derived from the Ghost’s infuriated divulgence. Moreover, Gertrude’s state of anguish proves her to be innocent of these allegations, therefore causing Hamlet to gradually relinquish the thought that Gertrude is a participant of Claudius’s murder and start to consider her as a clueless

Critical Review on Business Process Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Critical Review on Business Process Management. Answer: Introduction: The outcome of research investing years of hard work and dedication has uncovered holistic understanding of business process management and the holistic understanding has described the relation between organizational culture and business process management. According to the article Developing an Organizational Culture Supportive of Business Process Management by authors Sanja Tumbas and Theresa Schmiedel, the effect of organizational culture and its elements on the successful business process management is discussed in this article. According to the authors, business process management and it successful establishment is associated with a supportive environment in the organization; which can only be brought forward with a co-operational and inclusive organizational culture in place (kerlavaj, temberger and Dimovski, 2007F). The statement made by the author indicated at the fact that there are different factors and approaches to a supportive organizational culture that facilitates better and more fruitful business process management in the organization. And in the article the authors progress to evaluate different strategies for developing an organizational culture that will fester the growth and establishment of a sound organizational culture. This assignment will attempt to critically evaluate the article by Sanja Tumbas and Theresa Schmiedel and will attempt to provide an analysis of the article along with criticizing it (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). According to Weske, the culture of given organization serves as the very foundation on which the growth and sustainability of the business process is based on (Weske, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that without the prevalence of an organizational culture that is supportive, collaborative and proactive, successful business process management cannot be achieved. In the article under criticism in the assignment, the authors propose organizational culture as professional values and principles shared by the employees of an organization that is reflected on the cumulative manifestation on their actions and performance as a whole. Therefore, the authors propose that organizational culture has a visible result on the development of the organisational performance and business process management. Other authors have opined that the threat by the dynamic market changes on the organizational culture can be overcome if adjusted with the adequate business process management and supportive and com municative culture in the organization, which aligns with what the authors of this article under review in the assignment have argued. The main purpose of this article is to judge how supportive changes can be implemented to improve the organizational culture in a manner that can facilitate effective business process management (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). The background of this research article can be considered broad, informative and could establish the need for this study; however, details regarding how this study bridges the gap left behind by the literature previously published are not explained perfectly. Aims and objectives: Aims and objectives are undoubtedly a highly important part of the structure, which carefully and succinctly conveys to the readers what the research is aiming to achieve and what questions is the research study is aiming to address (Brocke and Rosemann, 2014). This article lacks an individual aims and objective section, which is undoubtedly a drawback for the article. Although, the article has described in background and introduction opting for a functionalist view for the research study, and the research question asked in the article is How can an organization develop a culture supportive of BPM? which is addressed by a detailed review of literature and a case controlled study. A literature review is known to act as the connection between the data and information available already in the journals regrading the topic of the research being conducted and the need for further investigation that the study under consideration is hoping to achieve. The literature review for this article is extensive, concise and detailed which receives appreciation; the research study has taken the aid of databases like AIS Electronic Library2 , Science Direct, and Ebsco; which are reliable and authentic databases, excellent for academic researching purposes. The screening for relevant articles to include in the research study had been efficient as well, as it excluded anything that is not perfectly aligned with the need and requirement of research study under question. For the structuring of the articles selected and construction of the literature review is concept centric approach which allows the literature to be compartmentalized into different sections for more organized and polished structure to be attained; the research article also provided a table explaining the segmentalization of the articles for better understaffing of the readers which is extremely appreciable (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). Aside from the structure construction of the review, the content selected for this study is carefully and succinctly described as well. In the very first section the review discusses the prevalence of theoretical basis of culture and its role in successful business process management. In this section the importance of CERT values in business process management and culture construction is discussed in detail. CERT stands for the amalgamation of customer retention, excellence, responsibility and teamwork are considered to be the most important basis of successful business process management according to Van Der Aalst; the authors of this research article have explained in detail the how not exercising CERT values in the organization can bring forth culture resistance and in turn affect successful implementation of BPM in the organization (Van Der Aalst 2013). The research study opts of an empirical approach to judges the impact of inadequate organizational culture on the lack of proper BPM in the case selected. Empirical approach taken by the research article: As mentioned above in the assigmment6 the main purpose behind the research article had been to discover strategies to improve the organisational culture characterized by organizational support, cooperation and collaboration to support business process management fluidity. The research article emphasizes on a global IT company ITleader that provides supportive softwares for BPM to other organizations, and the authors hear argue that this case forms an excellent suitable basis to judge how internal process excellence initiative and change management can facilitate supportive organizational culture and help in BPM (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). Concentrating on the methodological procedure selected for this research study, exploratory study shows the qualitative research design based on a case control study. As the main purpose of this research study had been to discover how it later the company chosen for this research study can develop organisational culture that supports and fortified their BPM initiatives, the authors very tactfully compartmentalized the entire research into two distinct phases. The first phase analyses the culture development needs of the company and the second phase comprised of 5 semi structured interviews with the employees in order to understand the employee perception regarding a BPM supportive organisational culture and how it can be facilitated. This empirical approach help the authors to gain an understanding of how culturally fed the organization chosen is actually for the BPM approved selected for this research study and the interview findings help the authors to attend the perspective of the Employees with the scenario (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). The next the next phase for this research study had been to identify the strategies that will help in development of the culture the ideal leader has to maintain a successful business process management scenario. Emphasizing on the CERT values, the research discovered that the organization selected for this research study had much room for improvement in the organisational culture specifically in the sectors of internal customer orientation and accountability. The interview was successful in discovering that organization it essentially proper leadership and Organization in the entire business process management sector, find a motor interview was also successful in discovering that employees have purchased this deficiency in the entire organization culture and business process management as a organization cultural norms and have habituated to the entire process (Ko, Lee and Wah Lee, 2009). The personal excellence initiative taken by the author in this research study has to be apprecia ted as it could uncover the exact needs of the organization and how these needs can be addressed. The entire procedure helped the authors to device the strategies and implements them as well (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). Identification of the strategies and activities: The very first strategy selected was sent out around customer orientation based on both external and internal customers, which encouraged the customers to engage in a activity that will be enhance the efficiency of the employees in customer handling and enforce more involvement in the entire scenario (Harmon 2010). In order to facilitate personal excellence initiative, the scheme of continuous improvement was selected, by taking initiatives like individual incentive system, process performance monitoring, and overall innovation. In order to improve the responsibility or accountability of the employees the help of awareness and clear governance rule was selected and to improve the teamwork of the organization face to face informal interaction, cross functional meetings and open communication was enabled (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). For success for business process management and sustainability of the organisation, and many research studies have established that fact. This research study has been successful in few sectors. First and foremost this article comprises of several research implications, this article has successfully utilized the BPM culture model of worm group and Sunil in order to identify an organisational culture fit for successful BPM, effectively taking the first important steps towards eliminating the gap left Behind in the literature examining how cultural fit can be achieved in order to facilitate excellent BPM (Trkman 2010). vom Brocke and Sinnl have opined that the concept of cultural fit is intricately aligned with performance management and organisational growth. And in order to maintain a sustainable business process management, how comfortable and safe the employees feel in the organization is an extremely essential element (vom Brocke and Sinnl 2011). Organisational culture supports and cooperates with employees they will inevitably be prepared to put the best effort to increase both live performance and quality, which in turn will improve the business process management and make the entire procedure easier and less time consuming (Dumas et al. 2013). This research study has successfully used BPM supportive CERT values which is an essential instrument for management evaluation in order to identify the organisational culture development needs of a company and then based on those needs devise a strategy that will fit organization and help them achieve the business process management in that the company has set for. The implications for practice that a research article under criticism has able to achieve is how CRT value measurement scale can be utilized to support organization in both identify of overall cultural development Strategies and enforcing precise developmental activities that will address the particular needs of the organization (Chang 2016). This factor dependent specific activities can be a fertile ground for further research the comments describing how these specific activity scheme can help organizations attain optimal growth in both quality and productivity (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). According to the research article by kerlavaj, temberger and Dimovski, a supportive organisational culture can be the missing link between performance improvement and business process management, the improvement in culture development will inevitably improve both performance and is the process of business management (kerlavaj, temberger and Dimovski 2007). This research study has helped in identifying that missing link and has also attempted to formulate an effective strategy that can help restore that essential element which can enhance booked the performance of the organization and help in better organization of the entire business process (Tumbas and Schmiedel, 2013). Conclusion: Hence it can be concluded that this research study has been an excellent literary research which will help business organization attend an idea of how culture affects the business process management profoundly. Although the only limitation that this research study has had, the dependence of this research on a single case study. Has to be mentioned in this context that for a research to be relatable and transferable, the generalizability of the findings is extremely important which can the applied to any related scenario and is expected to you will the similar results. The dependency of this article on the case of it leader restricts that generalizability and transferability of the findings. Along with that it also needs to be mentioned that the findings of this research, Albert being revolutionary, I still limited to the perceptions of a limited number of interview participants. It not only decreases the generalizability of the findings but also enhance is a chance of the findings to be biased by their personal perceptions. Hands on a concluding note it can be said that romantic after research study in the methodology and techniques utilised has to be appreciated, and if the restricted generalizability probable bias of this research overlooked then this research can be the fertile ground for extensive empirical research that can help organizations improve their culture exponentially and intense see the results in the business process management References: Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Brocke, J.V. and Rosemann, M., 2014.Handbook on Business Process Management 2: Strategic Alignment, Governance, People and Culture. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J. and Reijers, H.A., 2013.Fundamentals of business process management(Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Springer. Harmon, P., 2010. Business process change: A guide for business managers and BPM and Six Sigma professionals. Morgan Kaufmann. Hartnell, C.A., Ou, A.Y. and Kinicki, A., 2011. Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework's theoretical suppositions. Ko, R.K., Lee, S.S. and Wah Lee, E., 2009. Business process management (BPM) standards: a survey. Business Process Management Journal, 15(5), pp.744-791. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schein, E.H., 2010.Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Schmiedel, T., Vom Brocke, J. and Recker, J., 2014. Development and validation of an instrument to measure organizational cultures support of Business Process Management.Information Management,51(1), pp.43-56. kerlavaj, M., temberger, M. I., and Dimovski, V., 2007. Organizational learning culturethe missing link between business process change and organizational performance. International journal of production economics, 106(2), 346-367. Trkman, P., 2010. The critical success factors of business process management.International journal of information management,30(2), pp.125-134. Tumbas, S. and Schmiedel, T., 2013. Developing an Organizational Culture Supportive of Business Process Management. InWirtschaftsinformatik(p. 115). Van Der Aalst, W.M., 2013. Business process management: a comprehensive survey. ISRN Software Engineering, 2013. vom Brocke, J. and Sinnl, T., 2011. Culture in business process management: a literature review.Business Process Management Journal,17(2), pp.357-378. Weske, M., 2012. Business process management architectures. In Business Process Management (pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability The nursing profession entails offering care to needy people in the society. It deals with offering health teaching, counseling and offering supportive and restorative care. Care offered could be physical or psychological. To be a registered nurse in the New York, one must be licensed. The process of registration involves filing an application with the department. One must have acquired the appropriate educational qualifications, which include a diploma or degree in professional nursing according to the commissioner&rsquos regulations. Need essay sample on "Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The recommended age is above 18 and one must be of good moral character as per the department standards. A fee of $115 is paid to the department and an examination is conducted for the initial license. $40 is for re-examination, $70 for initial license of those who are not examined in New York State. One must in addition to these qualifications have acquired or completed a course work training in the identification and reporting of child abuse. Licensure in nursing in New York also follows the same process as the registration. One needs to apply with the department, meet educational requirements, pass relevant examinations and be of good moral character. A fee is also paid attain the license. The credentialing process is also important in the nursing filed. The nursing profession is involved in the coordination and central of credentialing process of the professional nurses. A masters&rsquo degree is required to venture into advanced practice. Such professionals are supposed to perform their duties according to the ethical and legal standards set. Credentialing process for basic and advanced nursing practice is under the state board for nursing and the state education department. Credentialing for advanced practice professional is cohesive and includes formal education, clinical practice, continuing education and certification for validating competence. Credentialing is the process of obtaining, verifying and assessing qualification of nurses to provide patient care, treatment and services in a health care organization. In New York, the practice of a nursing practitioner requires supervision or referral from a licensed physician. Nurses are expected to renew their licenses every 3 years. According to the statutes, nurse practitioner can prescribe drug, immunizing agents and devices in accordance with the practice agreement and protocols. State board of nursing administers the licensure process. Certification of nurses in New York involves application after one has attained the relevant qualification skills as stated by as stated by the commissioner&rsquos regulations or the New York&rsquos education law. One is also required to pay a fee of $80 for the certification. The nursing regulations are found in the article 139 of the education law. The Rules of the Board of Regents part 29 gives details of unprofessional conduct. Unprofessional conduct in this field includes administering immunization, agents when the agents in question can be ineffective or unsafe. This entails administering expired agents when there is clear evidence that the expiry date has been reached. Agents that have not been stored according to the required standards should also not be used. It is unprofessional for nurses to abandon or neglect a patient in dire need of care without prior arrangement for the continuation of such care. Reasonable notice must be offered if one intends to abandon a health care so as not to jeopardize the quality of care to be offered. They should not willfully harass, abuse or intimidate patients physically or verbally. Proper record maintenance must be practiced and they should be accurate. Precision in using the title doctor should be used. One must indicate the field or profession a doctor has specialized in. Excessive tests or treatment should not be offered. Treatment facilities that are not warranted by a patient&rsquos condition should also not be used. Secret treatment, which is not pulged to the state board of professions, should not be used. Identity badge must be used and they should be legible and conspicuously displayed. They should indicate ones name and title of one&rsquos qualification. Nurses are also not expected to enter into agreements with pharmacist in favor of certain prescriptions. Nurses must indicate their names and date of prescriptions and those of the patients, the strength and quantity of the drugs or device offered as well as directions for use. Scientifically accepted infection prevention techniques must be used in cleaning and sterilization or disinfecting of devices, materials and work surfaces. Appropriate gloves should be worn to protect contamination. Gloves used should be discarded, new ones used in case they are torn and hands should be washed. Specimen of blood and body fluids should be placed in well-constructed containers. Common areas of punishable professional misconduct violations include the use of fraud or deceit in obtaining or attempting to obtain a nursing license, physical or psychological impairments leading to incompetence or negligence, Habitual use of or addiction to drugs or alcohol. Improper handling or alteration of patient records, performing tasks beyond the states nurse practice act, violating the patient&rsquos confidentiality, or their human rights and dignity. Offering care based on prejudice is also a case of professional misconduct in nursing. Other forms of professional misconduct involve aiding an unlicensed person to perform activities that require one to be licensed, being convicted of a crime, sexually or physically abusive. Nurses who practice without licenses are subject to criminal penalties. Such practice is considered as a felony in New York and is punishable by imprisonment or a fine. The New York State licensure board is responsible for enforcing prohibitions against unlicensed practice. There is no justification for such practice. Health centers or hospitals develop standards for credentialing nurses in their facilities. Credentialing decisions incorporate the practitioner&rsquos credentials, experience, and performance in accordance with medical staff by laws. National organizations like joint commission for the accreditation of health care organizations (JCAHO) and National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) have set standards that such facilities should meet. Failure to meet the set standards such hospitals or health care centers lose their accreditation status. Cases of criminal liability in New York include the professional misconduct where nurses neglect patients in nursing homes. Hidden cameras were used to validate allegations of abuse and neglect. The New York Attorney Generals Office Fraud Control Unit investigators were able to identify employees who neglected a 70-year-old bedridden patient with dementia. They failed to maintain the patients cleanliness by constantly changing his bedpans and bedsores. In addition to that, they falsified his medical care records to indicate proper care. In the event of incompetence, negligence or other professional misconduct offered by a nurse, the patient should fill the complaint form and sent it to the New York State Education Department Office of Professionals. In the form the patient offers his or her details his or her name, address and telephone numbers. Information about the nurse that one is complaining about, the hospital and its address should also be indicated. The complaints should also be described in terms of what happened, when and where. The patient must be very specific. Other medical personnel&rsquos, administrators, specialists or even employees of the facility can also report a nurse&rsquos professional misconduct. Any one who reports the misconduct out of good will has immunity from liability. One must then certify that allegations made are true and complete. The patient or the person complaining can contact a knowledgeable person about professional misconduct before filling the complaint form. The staff members of the regional office where complain were made follow up the forwarded complaints. Cases of illegal or unlicensed practice are solved administratively or referred to the States Attorney General for criminal prosecution. Patients can follow up the progress of their complaints even when investigation is proceeding. This way, they can be informed if the complaint has been referred for further action. Although time needed for prosecution of cases may vary most investigations are completed within 9 months. The patient is informed of the status of their complaint and the final outcome. After accusations or allegations of professional misconduct are put forward on a nurse the state board of nursing conducts an investigation and an administrative review. The board&rsquos actions are mostly &lsquocomplaint driven&rsquo. The board uses discretionary powers and can issue decisions or ruling court proceedings and possible legal penalties result from the boards administrative review findings. The accused can appeal the board&rsquos decision in a court of law. Displinary actions taken if one is found guilty of professional misconduct include imposing a probation period, a fine or restricting the nurse&rsquos scope of practice. Other displinary actions include formal reprimand of the nurse, being place on probation, suspension or the board can refuse to renew the nurse&rsquos license or revoke the license in totality. Minor forms of misconduct may be solved through administrative warnings or advisory letters by the office of the professionals. (Follin S, 2004) The administrative review process begins when a person, health care facility or professional organization files a signed complaint against a nurse to the board. The board may also initiate the action. The board reviews the grievance to decide if the actions in question actually violate the states nurses practice act. A meeting with the accused nurse is requested and the allegations discussed. The nurse can also be asked to write statements of specific incidences that led to the complaint. The nurse can consult experienced nurse attorney before the meeting. Formal hearing is arranged if the board decides that the actions violated the states nurses act. Witnesses are called upon to give evidence. An impartial attorney may act as the hearing officer in the formal hearing alongside the judge. The board could also hear the case. (Follin S, 2004) If the board finds the nurse guilty, it takes appropriate displinary actions. In challenging the boards decision the court can re-examine the boards decision to establish if the board conducted the hearing properly or conduct a trial. An appeal can be sought with a higher court if one is not contended with the court&rsquos ruling. References: Office of professionals. 2006. Laws, Rules & Regulations Rules of the Board of Regents Part 29, Unprofessional Conduct. Retrieved on 4th February 2008 Online Lawyer Source. 2007. Nursing Home Neglect Being Caught by Hidden Video Cameras August 27th, 2007. Retrieved on 4th February 2008 Stacey Follin 2004. Nursing and Practice Nurse's Legal Handbook. Lippincott Williams.

Dont Overload Your Readers With Your Message

Dont Overload Your Readers With Your Message Dont Overload Your Readers With Your Message Dont Overload Your Readers With Your Message By Michael Great writing is not only enjoyable, it has something to say there is greatness in the theme. It may not be primarily a moral or a lesson, but something about the story appeals deeply to the heart. I believe that your skill as a writer determines the weight of the message you can communicate. The more skilled you are in handling the basic elements of plot, character, setting, conflict, and point of view, the more ambitious your theme can be, and the deeper the message your reader can take away from it. But as a writer, you may be starting from the other end. Maybe its the theme that motivated you to write in the first place. Maybe you have a message that you want to get across, and youre more sure of it than you are of the plot, character, or setting. Its a message that everyone needs to hear. Do you go ahead with it? Some would say yes, the message is always first. That was the slogan of Ken Anderson Films, an evangelical movie company best known for its 1978 film Pilgrims Progress featuring Liam Neeson in his first starring role. Even as a college student, majoring in theater at the time, I thought something didnt seem right about that slogan. Your message cannot be first Whether you make movies or write books, its not true that the message is always first. When you make a movie, first and foremost, its a movie. When you write a story, first and foremost, its a story. Your grand message will never get across if nobody can stand to read what you wrote. If its too long to finish, if the vocabulary is too complex for ordinary readers, then ordinary readers wont read it. When you compromise your story, you compromise your message. Authors may claim theyre standing up for truth, and that truth sometimes offends. First, they should make sure that whats offensive is the truth and not their writing style. Ultimately, writers only keep the readers whom they dont offend. As a writer, you are responsible for deciding how far to push your readers, deciding how much to say that they may not like. A disturbing theme sometimes makes a book more interesting. But no theme, no matter how great, can compensate for intolerable writing or make it tolerable. Ken Anderson wasnt the first communicator to believe the message is always first. Under a dictatorship, the dictators message is always first. From the 1930s to the 1960s, the approved artistic style in the Soviet Union was called â€Å"socialist realism,† and those who experimented with a different style could have their careers ruined. Any creative people who dealt with forbidden themes or subjects could find themselves in trouble with the police, not just with the critics. Socialist realism was supposed to depict the everyday life of the working people, to promote Soviet ideals. Except that Soviet officials saw morality as either black or white, while real people are complex – not all good, not all bad. In the end, socialist realism didn’t succeed in showing real people living Communist lives, because its characters were not real people. Sometimes when a writer is willing to put his message ahead of good craftsmanship, he writes an allegory, in which each character represents a different character quality and each event teaches a lesson. Ironically, the most successful allegory in Western literature is John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress (the 1678 original, not Ken Andersons version). Bunyan was a preacher he did have something he wanted to say but his book has endured because his characters seem like real people with particular character qualities, rather than character qualities masquerading as real people. Years ago, I thought of an illustration to describe the challenge that everybody faces, particularly a writer, who wants to communicate a message thats important to them. Loading up the truck and driving Suppose youre a military commander who wants to move something to another location. The problem: a ravine, a dry riverbed, between where you are and where you want the material to be. Before you can move your material, you need to prepare the way. How much work will that take? That depends on what you want to move. If you simply want to move an envelope, you can hand it to a messenger who puts the envelope in his pocket, hikes down to the bottom of the ravine and then hikes back up. But if you want to move a ton of armor, you need to spend more time, effort, and resources in preparation. Youll probably need to build the bridge across the ravine. How strong a bridge? That depends on how heavy the load is. Once the bridge is built, the truck is loaded and it begins to drive across that bridge, you will find out if your bridge is strong enough. Writers with important things to say, with a heavy load they want to put on the truck, will need to spend more time preparing the road for their readers. All too often, Ive read books by idealistic writers who havent done the work needed to communicate their message. They try to drive their heavily loaded truck through the ravine before they build a bridge across it. But everyone needs to hear this message! they protest. Then they need to take the time to make sure everyone can hear it. Theres no shame in loading up your truck with no more weight than your abilities as a writer can sustain. If your writing abilities are not yet what they will be, there is no shame in remembering that bridges break. Neil Gaiman had the idea for The Graveyard Book in 1985, but he felt he was not yet a good enough writer. As the years passed, he won Harvey Awards, Locus Awards, Eisner Awards, and Hugo Awards, but he still didnt feel ready to write The Graveyard Book until 2004 (when he decided he might as well get on with it anyway). As a writer, Im learning not to overload my truck without considering whether the bridge Im sending my readers over is strong enough to support such a weighty message. Otherwise my writing can end up like medieval religious art, beautiful perhaps, but literally without perspective. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartFlier vs. FlyerDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

Media Convergence in Contemporary Society Essay

Media Convergence in Contemporary Society - Essay Example Jenkins centers much of his argument upon the idea that freedom of the press has led to the establishment of the new media. Freedom is a large part of the way in which the convergence culture has been created, consumers now free to participate in the creation of communication. However, this culture is coming at a price. The technologies are improving and growing at fast rates that are difficult to continue to upgrade. The disposable culture has slipped to higher priced electronic items, making the use of the true world now a matter of socioeconomic status. As well, in having a culture that is so interlaced that a high school student has access to affecting world politics, credibility is suffering. In creating a convergence culture, freedoms have emerged that have broadened the interconnectivity of the world, but the price of these freedoms effect economic and journalistic credibility, thus causing a high cost to the consumer. In introducing his article about Henry Jenkins’ boo k about convergence media, Horowitz relates the story with which Jenkins begins his discussion about convergence culture. He tells the story of an American high school student who put together images with Bert, a character from Sesame Street, through Photoshop. The theme of the series of pictures done by this young man was ‘evil Bert’ with pictures of Bert with Adolf Hitler, Pamela Anderson, and Osama Bin Laden. Someone from a Bangladesh publisher was looking for images on the web of Osama Bin Laden for anti-American posters. The picture of Bert and Bin Laden ended up on posters throughout the Middle East, which eventually landed the image on CNN (Jenkins 1: Horowitz). This story contains the essence of convergence culture, where a high school aged boy can create a cut and paste image that ends up on anti-American posters on the other side of the world, which in turn show up on an American news service. Convergence means that multiple disciplines are impacted by the way in which consumers and media communicators interact, the consumer of information reacting and acting against the inflow of information from those who put that information out into the world. In a convergence culture, the consumer and the media communicators become interchangeable the consumer often taking on the role of the communicator putting his own ideas out into the media. Jenkins states that convergence culture is the â€Å"place where old media and new media collide, where grassroots and corporate media intersect, where the power of the media producer and the power of the media consumer interact in unpredictable ways† (Horowitz). The new forms of media have allowed consumers to have a much larger freedom in determining how they spend their time. Which media outlet gains attention has become a matter of large numbers of options, the consumer able to now choose which news, entertainment, or activity to participate with during their idle time. No longer is the consumer l ocked to the 5 o’clock news or the morning or evening paper, but can choose which outlet to interact with at what time is convenient. Even television is no longer precisely defined by time slots because most television programs can be seen through at the internet at the viewer’s convenience. Freedom of the press has allowed for new media forms to emerge, communication transforming into a free flowing network of information, consumer driven, but founded upon the concept that ideas have a need to be shared (Convergence,

Functions of Re-appropriation in Contemporary Texts About Historical Essay

Functions of Re-appropriation in Contemporary Texts About Historical Events - Essay Example However, reviewing the horrific events there are two sides of the coin. The perpetrators justify their actions while the victims are forced to fight for justice. Any form of violence such as genocide should not be justified but the account of the perpetrators should be considered when trying to understand the motive and the influencing factor leading to a horrific event. Regardless of the accounts of the victim and the perpetrator, the legal framework within which a horrific event occurred should also be evaluated. In the text by Philip the re-appropriation of these legal documents should be done on each and every horrific account to enable the neutral members of the society to understand the psychology of both the victim and perpetrator. This paper will highlight the major horrific events in the modern era. Additionally, the paper will evaluate the legal framework responsible for these events. The accounts of both the victims and perpetrators will be analyzed and how the re-appropriation of specific legal documents may help understand the vents leading to a horrific event. The paper will be compiled in consideration of the works by Heimrad Backer and Nourbese Philip on their different accounts on the modern day horrific events. The main function of re-appropriation of legal documents is to minimize the risks of a repetition of a particular horrific event. For instance, after the occurrence of the holocaust the rivalry between the Jews and the Nazis become more serious. The holocaust was an event where thousands of Jews were massacred in the hands of the Nazis. From this point, the common Jew and the Nazi were mortal enemies. Additionally, the publication and legal address of the events did not ease the pressure between the two functions. In an argument by Backer major publications and legal definitions on the holocaust has

An investigation into the effect of social loafing

An investigation into the effect of social loafing The aim of this experiment was to measure the effect of two categories, group or individuals, and the effect they have on the performance of individuals. Participants were involved in the activity of unscrambling as many words as they could in the time limit of five minutes. The hypothesis is that the mean number of words unscrambled by participants working individually is higher than the mean number of words unscrambled by participants working in a group. The experiment consisted of 19 participants which included 10 males and 9 females. The rights of the participants were taken into consideration throughout the whole experiment. Nine of the participants who were selected randomly were divided into groups of three while the other ten participants worked individually. They were given a list of 26 words to unscramble. The number of words which they were able to unscramble in five minutes was then collected and counted to measure the performance of those who are working individually and those working in groups. The results show that the average number of words found for those who were working individually was 12.4 words while the average number of words found per individual who were working in groups were 5.22 words. This shows that the experiment supports the social loafing theory. The significance level were calculated to be p < 0.005. This means that the probability that the results were because of chance was less than 0.5%. The results were highly significant. Thus, according to the results of the statistical test, the research hypothesis is supported while the null hypothesis is rejected. The theory of social loafing is evident in a lot of situations in life. Social loafing is a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves (Weiten, 2008: 491) Each person in a group usually tends to put in lesser effort than they would working alone. Max Ringelmann (1913) first came up with the idea of social loafing when he found that when a group of men were instructed to pull on a rope, they did not put in as much effort as when they were pulling alone. The force of the pull produced by the participants was measured by a strain gauge attached to the rope. When the group of men was led to believe that they had other team members helping them, he noticed that they tend to put in less effort than they normally would when pulling alone. Ringelmann stated that the amount of effort produced by each individual working alone was not the same as the average amount of effort put in by the individuals who believed that they were in a group. Another study which was used to investigate social loafing is Latanà © et al.s (1979). As cited by Weiten (2008), the study consisted of measuring the level of noise created by participants who were asked to either clap or cheer as loud as they could. A group of participants were told that they working in a group while another group was told that they were working alone. This was in fact not true, as the only purpose was to ensure that they believed that were actually working in a group. Consequently, the amount of effort that they produced individually was measured. From the study, Latanà © and his colleagues found that each person in a group tends to put in lesser effort when in a group than working alone. Research shows that the larger the group, the lesser the effort produced by each of the individuals. The reason is that when more people are assigned to an activity, the amount of work which needs to be produced is divided equally among more people and this consequently causes individuals to think that their effort is not as significant and their contribution is not evaluated suitably. As cited by Antony S. R. Manstead et al. (1995, 1996:275) in the book called The Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology, Steiner, I.D. (1972) postulated that actual group productivity should always be lower than potential group productivity because of process losses due to poor coordination and low motivation. Furthermore, he added that the potential productivity is usually based on performance of individuals working alone. This study aims to support the social loafing theory. A group of participants will be divided into two categories: those working individually and those working in groups. The mean number unscrambled by participants in each category will be calculated. Their performance in the activity will show that social loafing does exist when working in a group. The experiment is a one-tailed experiment. Research hypothesis (H1): The mean number of words unscrambled by participants working individually is higher than the mean number of words unscrambled by participants working in a group. Null hypothesis (H0): There will be no significant difference in the number of words found in participants working individually than in a group. Method Design The type of method used in this experiment is an independent measures design. This was used to avoid practice effects. Each participant only took part in each condition once which means that both groups consist of different individuals. The independent variable is working individually or in a group. The dependant variable is the difference of performance in each condition. The environment that the participants were in was under controlled conditions. The activity is the unscrambling of words. This experiment is considered as a single blind experiment where only the experimenters know the hypothesis and aim of the experiments. Participants were given consent letters to sign and were briefed and de-briefed accordingly. Those who did not include their signature on the given consent letters prior to the experiment were not allowed to participate in the activity. Those who participated were given the right to withdraw at any point of time. The participants also remained anonymous througho ut the study. Participants The participants tested in this study consisted of 19 Year 6 students from a private school in Victoria. The participants consisted of 10 males and 9 females aged 11 to 13 years. The sample was an opportunity sample but the participants in each category were randomly assigned. The participants came from different backgrounds and cultures. This is to ensure that the experiment is fair and not biased. Materials List of 26 words to unscramble (Refer to Appendix ) Pen Stopwatch Briefing instructions (Refer to Appendix ) De-briefing instructions (Refer to Appendix ) Consent Letter (Refer to Appendix ) Procedure Participants are first briefed (Refer to Appendix ). Participants are randomly divided into two conditions. Half of the participants will be carrying out the activity alone and the other half is to be divided into groups of three to work on the same activity. Participants who are working individually are to sit far from each other to avoid communicating. The other participants who are working in groups of three are to be seated together but each group is to be seated far from another group to avoid communication between groups. Participants who are in the group category are asked to work as a team to unscramble the list of 26 words while the others will be working individually to unscramble the same set of 26 words. When the seating arrangement of all the participants are properly allocated, the list of 26 words is given faced down to the participants. Only one copy of the list will be given to each of the groups instead of one copy for each participant. The participants are then giv en a time limit of five minutes to quickly unscramble the list of 26 words. During the experiment, participants have the right to withdraw if they do not wish to participate. After exactly five minutes, they are asked to stop writing and the sheets are to be collected by the experimenters. Participants are then de-briefed. Results Table 1: Table shows mean number of words found in each category Participants working individually Participants working in a group Mean number of words found 12.4 words 5.22 words Standard Deviation 5.04 words 1.09 words Graph 1: Bar graph shows average no. of words found in each category Graph 1 shows that the average number of words found for those who were working individually were 12.4 words. The average number of words found per individual who were working in groups were 5.22 words. This shows that the experiment supports the social loafing theory. The standard deviation were 5.04 and 1.09 respectively. A Mann-Whitney U test was used in order to test the significance of the results as it is an ordinal level data, and it was an unrelated design. When tested, it was found that the probability that it was the independant variable that changed the dependent variable and not chance. The significance level were calculated to be p < 0.005 (Refer to appendix ). This means that the probability that the results were because of chance was less than 0.5%. The results were highly significant. Thus, according to the results of the statistical test, the research hypothesis is supported while the null hypothesis is rejected. Discussion The results shows that the research hypothesis has been supported. The mean number of words unscrambled by participants working individually is 12.4, higher than the mean number of words unscrambled by participants working in a group which is 5.22 words. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to show that the results were highly significant. This shows that the research hypothesis is supported and the null hypothesis is rejected. According to Ringelmanns study, the amount of effort produced by each individual working alone is not the same as the average amount of effort put in by the individuals who were in pseudogroups. He asserted that the performance of individuals working alone is much more than the average performance of individuals working in groups, which is called the social loafing theory. In this experiment, the social loafing theory is supported as the mean number of words unscrambled by individuals working alone is 12.4, which is definitely higher than 5.22 words, the average number of words unscrambled by individuals working in groups. The aim of this study was to measure the cause and effect relationship of the performance of individuals working in a group or individually. The result of this experiment relates to the study carried out by Latanà © and his colleagues as it supports the theory of social loafing. The reduction in performance of individuals when they are working in groups as compared to working individually is evident in both studies. There are several strengths in the experiment. One of the strengths of the experiment was that the subjects came from different backgrounds and cultures. This is a good as the cultural diversity of the participants was not limited. Also, the fact that there were approximately the same number of males and females is good. If there were a huge difference in females and males, the experiments would not be fair. Another strength of the experiment is that it was designed to be an independent measures design. This was to avoid practice effects. If the participants had taken part in both conditions, the results would have been affected. Though the research hypothesis was supported, there are several limitations in the experiment. As mentioned, the participants were between the ages of 11 to 13 as it was an opportunity sample. It was difficult to get a random sample as there are limited number students available and there was a time constraint. Another limitation of the experiment was that no extra precaution was made ensure that the participants did not cheat by communicating with each other. Though we did our best effort to ensure that they did not communicate with each other, it is not absolute that no one cheated. Also, during the experiment, as all the participants (whether in a group or individually) were in the same environment at the same time, there was a chance that some participants may have overheard the words unscrambled by another person. This component of the experiment was hard to control as no matter how much effort was put in to ensure it was a fair experiment, the participants did have a chance to cheat. With regards to the limitations of the experiment, there are a few areas of improvement. In relation to the sample itself, although the participants and the students were randomly assigned, we could have ensured that the sample were not an opportunity sample. Furthermore, instead of selecting ten males and nine females, it could have been better if there was exactly the same number of females and males. To counteract the problem of cheating, the environment that the participants were in (which was a classroom) could have been different. The experiment could have been carried out in an open space so that there is a significant amount of space between groups and the individuals working alone. This would ensure that there was less opportunity for the participants to cheat. Ethical considerations were taken into account in this experiment. The participants were allowed to withdraw at any point of time during the activity. The rights of the participants were met and they remained anonymous throughout the whole experiment. The participants were not deceived in any way as that would be unethical. The implication of this finding is that the results produced can be shown to teachers/instructors to prove that individuals generally work better alone than working in groups as they tend not to put in as much effort when working in groups. In majority of the groups, some individuals tend to slack off and let their other team members do the work. Some individuals may also think that their effort is not evaluated individually so they tend to put less effort than they would put in when working alone. This could further relate to employers in the work field. For further researches, the sample should be much bigger so that the experiment would have fewer limitations. Also, follow-up studies can manipulate the age groups and compare the difference in performance for various age groups. They could also investigate the effect of culture on the performance of individuals when working in groups. They could test the theory of: Asians generally tend to work well in groups unlike Westerns, who prefer to work individually.

Victorian Short Essay -- English Literature

Victorian Short Victorian Short Stories Discuss the role of women – as villains, victims and heroes in a selection of Victorian short stories. In the 19th Century the only type of people who could read and write were people in upper class families. Remembered for being such a class conscious society, the 19th century rarely ever mixed regarding their status in the society, this was the greatest divide ever between rich and poor. As well as their being a division between rich and poor, there was also a division between the sexes. Women were automatically given the lower status between men and women and they were seen as lower, less able people by men. Seeing as Victorian short stories were written in the 19th century, they follow through the theme of men being better than women. Also another theme which was common in these stories were brutal murders and obvious villains. Most of the writers who wrote in those days wrote for different reasons compared to reasons why writers wrote in the 20th century. Writers in the 20th century wrote to entertain rather than to instruct people. Famous writers such as Charles Dickens wrote for moral obligation. He wrote to try and shame and instruct rich people into helping the poor. I am going to look at three different Victorian short stories and see how women are portrayed. Are they the villain, the victim or the hero? The first story I have read is â€Å"Captain Murderer†. â€Å"Captain Murderer† was written by Charles Dickens however, he did not invent this story he simply retold it. From the very start Dickens demonstrates how rich people were always perceived to be better than the poor: â€Å"His warning name would seem to have awakened no general prejudice against .. ...d this attracts negative attention just like the name of the villain Captain Murderer in â€Å"Captain Murderer†. Bessie tries to conquer her status as victim by showing the villains she is not afraid of them: â€Å"..you cowardly villains! I screamed at them through the door. You think you can frighten me†¦. You ragamuffin thieves.† Despite Bessie showing she is not going to be overruled the danger increases for her. Shifty Dick goes to an extreme measure when he takes out a knife and starts to hack trough the thatch roof. Bessie finally surrenders her status as hero after all her brave and bold acts and flees the house into the darkness of the countryside: â€Å"†¦I saw the heavy, hairy hand of Shift Dick, armed with the knife, come through after the fallen fragments†¦.. I lost courage at last†¦..I must trust to the night and the thick darkness, and save my life.†

Piano Concerto in a Major, K. 488

Mozart completed the Piano Concerto in A Major, K. 488, in March 1786 and it is a graceful piece in three movements. It used a small orchestra with two flutes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, and two horns in A, along with the usual string orchestra. The first movement embodies the form called a â€Å"sonata form with double exposition. † This form is common in concerti and one feature of this form is that the first exposition does not end with a double bar and repeat sign indicating a literal repeat of the exposition.Instead the first exposition is for the orchestra without the soloist, and does not modulate to and conclude in the dominant, but stays in the tonic key throughout. When the soloist enters a second exposition begins which does modulate to the dominant key (or relative major if the work is in a minor key), and the second exposition does indeed cadence in the dominant. The only other variance from a standard (non-concerto) sonata form is the traditional cadenza, which occurs near the end of the recapitulation of the movement. The second theme is presented following a transitional section.In the first exposition it is in the key of A, but in the second exposition it is heard in the dominant key of E Major. This phrase ends with a half cadence, and the following phrase ends with a PAC, creating a double parallel period. The closing theme is more intense in character and features interplay between the winds and strings as well as frequent use of the borrowed subdominant chord. It includes a number of different melodic ideas and concludes with a strong beat PAC in A Major in measure 62. The second exposition begins in measure 67 with the first theme stated by the solo pianist.The major difference in this exposition is the modulation to the dominant key of E Major, which takes place in the Transition section in measures 82-98. This second exposition ends in a surprising way in measure 142 with the half cadence falling on the fourth beat of the m easure and the music abruptly ceasing, creating a dramatic pause that is followed by an entirely new theme, which begins the development section. This new theme is in E Major and provides virtually all of the melodic harmony heard throughout the development section.Following this embellished theme in E Major, the music begins to fragment this new theme and moves into key areas associated with the key of A minor as opposed to A Major. The keys touched on include E minor, C Major, F Major, and D minor. An especially nice passage is found in mm. 170-178. It features the clarinet and flute in a canon based on the ‘new’ theme, while the soloist maintains a running sixteenth note figure. Harmonically it begins in the key of D minor and traces the circle of fifths to a cadence on an E major chord in measure 178.Since E Major is the dominant chord of A Major this initiates a prolongation of the dominant of A Major in measures 178-189. A sort of â€Å"mini-cadenza† occurr ed in 189-198, which leads to the Recapitulation beginning in measure 198. The Recapitulation restates all of the themes heard in the exposition, now all in the key of A Major, with the soloist and orchestra interacting, unlike the first exposition. A particularly long Coda section begins in measure 261 with the reintroduction of the development section’s ‘New’ theme, presented now by the soloist alone, and in the key of A Major for the first time.Like the beginning of the development section, including the dramatic pause, it is followed by the placid restatement of the ‘New’ theme by the orchestra (290). This breaks off though and leads through a series of forte chords to the traditional tonic 6/4 chord paving the way for the cadenza. The cadenza is fundamentally a greatly expanded prolongation of the V chord. Following the cadenza the orchestra enters in a forte tutti statement with material drawn from the closing theme first presented in measure 4 9. A decisive PAC in A Major occurs in m. 309 followed by a prolongation of the tonic chord to the movement’s end.